https://net-zero.blog/book-blog daily 0.75 2023-04-28 https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/technologies-for-long-term-energy-storage monthly 0.5 2022-11-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Climate+Change+and+the+road+to+Net+Zero+book+cover Book Blog - Long-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/3effe396-851e-4b02-b7de-96918bf2d794/short+term+and+seasonal+energy+storage+requirements Book Blog - Long-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Left: Daily mismatch of electricity supply and demand under a 50:50 representative global wind:solar system. The peak of generation must be stored for use in the evening, overnight, and early morning. Right: Seasonal mismatch of electricity supply and demand under a 50:50 wind:solar system – a portion of the energy must be stored in summer and reused in winter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1648027794197-MC4YZQHYT2354LTOSC9I/radiator+image Book Blog - Long-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Unsplash image of radiator by Alex Perz https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1648027873087-QAZC2HIWZXINTPZT05WU/pumped+hydro+facility Book Blog - Long-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Unsplash Image by Nareeta Martin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/14b6469c-1b0e-4f15-8259-ff40e22adcc2/Picture62.jpg Book Blog - Long-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Levelised cost of seasonal energy storage. Shows the levelised cost of charging and re-using 1 kWh of energy assuming one full roundtrip charge/discharge per year. Based on charging with $2c per kWh cheap solar electricity, capital costs, and operating costs including roundtrip losses, installation life, cycle life, and leakage. 3% post tax, real, cost of capital (5% nominal, 6.5% nominal pre-tax). Author’s standardised LCOE calculations based on project data. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/technologies-for-short-term-energy-storage monthly 0.5 2023-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Climate+Change+and+the+road+to+Net+Zero+book+cover Book Blog - Short-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/bbbb72f8-7039-4c3d-ae4b-ddf5fe424959/Declining+Battery+costs+with+scale+of+production Book Blog - Short-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Lithium-ion battery experience curve over the last 20 years. Showing the declining cost of one kWh storage capacity as cumulative production of batteries has increased. Each time production has doubled, costs have dropped 35%. Plotted from data source: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/3a7fff5a-df22-4ad3-977e-3694cca4b4c9/Levelised+Cost+of+Short+Term+Energy+Storage Book Blog - Short-Term Energy Storage in a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Levelised cost of short-term energy storage. Shows the levelised cost of charging and re-using 1 kWh of energy assuming one full roundtrip charge/discharge per day. Based on charging with $2c per kWh cheap solar electricity, capital costs and operating costs including roundtrip losses, installation life, cycle life, and leakage. Same 3% post tax, real, cost of capital as all other calculations (5% nominal, 6.5% nominal pre-tax). Author’s standardised LCOE calculations based on project data. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/net-zero-and-the-role-of-energy-storage monthly 0.5 2022-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Climate+Change+and+the+road+to+Net+Zero+book+cover Book Blog - Net-Zero and the role of Energy Storage - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1643709998211-Z4PM69XRQ2YOFHR2QD1C/unsplash-image-C82jAEQkfE0.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero and the role of Energy Storage - Make it stand out Power Plant by Nicholas Hippert (Unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/b3429420-0a59-4948-a430-bd7bfc4b0988/nz-p.207%402x-100.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero and the role of Energy Storage - Make it stand out Daily mismatch of electricity supply and demand under a 50:50 wind:solar system. The peak of generation must be stored for use in the evening, overnight, and early morning. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/720bdbde-6756-4c3c-ba3c-3a08f9b4d1aa/nz-p.207%402x-100.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero and the role of Energy Storage - Make it stand out Seasonal mismatch of electricity supply and demand under a 50:50 wind:solar system – a portion of the energy must be stored in summer and reused in winter. Author’s calculations based on assumptions given in text. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/climate-engineering-negative-emissions-technologies monthly 0.5 2022-02-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Climate+Change+and+the+road+to+Net+Zero+book+cover Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Negative Emissions Technology - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1641390791349-MES80FUY6A13SUXFI84K/trees+and+sun+image Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Negative Emissions Technology - Make it stand out Unsplash by Daniel Peters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633019153826-TNUUP6QE4MZF4C9DRX32/Physical+Limits+of+Climate+Engineering Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Negative Emissions Technology - Make it stand out Estimated limit of NET and SRM. Left Axis: Annual CO2 offset in billion tonnes for NET or equivalent CO2 offset for SRM (average of next 80 years). Right Axis shows limit for solar radiation offset for SRM and equivalent for NET (80 years average). Author calculations on NET and data from The Royal Society for SRM https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/6f6340e8-3748-4b03-9f51-2c06edb1cfb1/image+of+an+algae+bloom Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Negative Emissions Technology - Make it stand out Unsplash by Mihaly Koles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633019108610-K6E6XL22RJI7LWZKMPLQ/Estimated+costs+of+Climate+Engineering Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Negative Emissions Technology - Make it stand out Estimated costs of Negative Emissions Technology (NET) and Solar Radiation Management (SRM) in USD$ per tonne of CO2 reduction (left hand axis), or in USD$ cents per kWh energy offset equivalent (based on today’s average of 1,850 kWh final energy provided per tonne of CO2e) (right hand axis). Author calculations for NET and data from The Royal Society for SRM https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/water-supply-climate-change-and-net-zero monthly 0.5 2022-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Water Supply, Climate Change, & Net-Zero - Make it stand out Buy the book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/59b9a9cc-b3d5-4e86-96d0-e8932d11695e/Freash+Water+use+today+and+in+2100+under+a+high+warming+scenario Book Blog - Water Supply, Climate Change, & Net-Zero - Make it stand out Table showing fresh water use and renewable supply based on data from The World’s Water Vol 8 (2014), Limits to Growth 30-year Update, and USDA and FAO Water and Food Security. 2100 projections based on a baseline of inaction (3.3C warming by 2100, 7% decline in water availability per 1C, peak population, peak consumption by 2060, agricultural irrigation triples to increase yield/available cropland based on no change to diets). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/fb0ef2c2-529c-453e-aa7a-cde5fbe5a95c/Fresh+Water+Use+by+Energy+Source Book Blog - Water Supply, Climate Change, & Net-Zero - Make it stand out Fresh water used to generate different forms of energy. Solid Dark: Fresh water consumed in growing crops or extracting and processing fuel. Solid Light: Fresh water consumed to build energy equipment or during the operation of the equipment. Dotted: Fresh water withdrawn to cool thermal power plants and returned to the watercourse. Collated from Mielke et al and Yi Jin et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/12818925-501a-4fd5-bd23-b771005c15c2/Fresh+Water+use+today%2C+high+warming+and+net+zero+scenarios Book Blog - Water Supply, Climate Change, & Net-Zero - Make it stand out Water supply and water use today8 and the year 2100 with either our baseline of inaction or net-zero. Domestic water use grows with population. Industrial water use is based on the mix and amount of power generation and industrial goods (water consumption ranges from 0.05 litres per kg for aggregates to 300 litres per kg for textiles). Agricultural consumption based on required crop acres/yield and prevalence of drought, 20% of crops are irrigated today, that rises to 60% in our baseline of inaction or 35% in our net-zero system. Author’s calculations based on the aggregated assumptions and cost analysis https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-climate-modelling monthly 0.5 2021-12-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out Buy the book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1f40de2c-2ab1-4687-9abf-7b9d5fc79cf5/nz-p.43%402x-1002.jpg Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out Diagram of the Greenhouse effect led by the relationship between CO2 concentrations and the height of the tropopause. (1) Pre-industrial CO2 concentrations of 280 ppm doubles to 560ppm. This increases absorption in the atmospheric window and increases the altitude of the emission level (where energy escapes to space). The higher, colder emission level emits less energy to space. (2) The new emission level is now out of balance emitting just 236 W/m2 to space versus incoming energy from the sun of 240W/m2 so net of 4W/m2 enters Earth, (3) The extra incoming energy warms the surface and atmosphere until the temperature of the emission level returns to 255K or -18⁰C and energy balance is restored. The surface temperature must warm by about 3⁰C to rebalance the energy flow and reach a new, warmer steady state if CO2 is doubled. Adapted from Andrew Dessler. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1637244846457-EZXTUV6MUZVRG97TND3S/sun+shining Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out Unsplash by Ritam Baishya https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/b9815a3c-2190-4316-82dc-9adda9f7dc6b/fast+feedback+mechanism Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out Temperature Rise Due to Initial Radiative Forcing increase (Planck) and Subsequent Fast Feedback Amplifying (+ve) and Dampening (-ve) Mechanisms https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/065feabd-68c3-46fc-aa8e-67135911af19/Picture13.jpg Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out The simplified relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature increase (since pre-industrial average 1850-1900). Approximation based on simplified radiative forcing relationship of 5.35 x ln (CO2 change) from Mhyre et al and using 0.8x Equilibrium Warming Factor to arrive at the mid-point of IPCC estimates. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/95b8bda1-cb20-493b-9c64-c6cd7eeecb6a/Picture15.jpg Book Blog - The Nuts and Bolts of Climate Modelling - Make it stand out Transient temperature increase forecasts based on peak population and peak consumption by 2060. Approximations use simplified radiative forcing relationship of 5.35 x ln (CO2 change) from Mhyre et al., bottom dashed line shows basic transient temperature increase calculation. Top dashed line includes extra CO2 in the atmosphere from melting tundra, peat and forest fires and a weakening land-ocean sink as the planet warms (sensitivities referenced in preceding text). https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/air-pollution-climate-change-and-co-benefits monthly 0.5 2021-11-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Co-Benefits - Make it stand out Buy the book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634644026197-0MZ8FQXZJE8YTVTTSMNC/city+smog Book Blog - Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Co-Benefits - Make it stand out Smog - Unsplash by Photoholgic https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634644295045-CULLE18HF438QN46NOJR/Picture30.jpg Book Blog - Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Co-Benefits - Make it stand out Left: Global deaths per year by category. Right inset: Global deaths per year by risk factor. Data from sources WHO 1 2 3 4 and Our World in Data https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634645077261-V4X8FTZOIONQ1LFB62A8/factory+emissions Book Blog - Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Co-Benefits - Make it stand out Unsplash by Chris Leboutlier https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634645746158-QOXB7OIWU2LZ27CM77SL/Deaths+per+unit+of+energy+supply Book Blog - Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Co-Benefits - Make it stand out Number of associated human deaths per billion kWh (TWh) of energy supply for each different source. Chart based on data from The Lancet and calculations from the book, net zero. Recent research suggests that the number of deaths from outdoor fine particle air pollution from fossil fuels could be double these estimates again. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/climate-change-damages-rising-seas-storms-amp-flooding-xyg8b monthly 0.5 2021-10-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Heat, Fire, and Drought - Make it stand out Buy the book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634047892269-UE69KH4Y05H03W2AOGNZ/Global+average+temperatures+if+no+action+is+taken+on+climate Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Heat, Fire, and Drought - Make it stand out Our basic peak population, peak consumption scenario assumes global population grows to 10 billion people by 2060 then holds flat. We assume consumption per person increases to developed market levels bringing total annual CO2 equivalent emissions to over 100 billion tonnes per year, and based on average IPCC warming sensitivities this increases temperatures by over 3C by 2100, and 4.5C by 2150 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634048133282-HPBFJTTE8TRUMVE54RDL/desert+scene Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Heat, Fire, and Drought - Make it stand out Unsplash by Julien Cavendoli https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634048271831-HNWJSUM9LU1O4W08NPCP/wildfires Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Heat, Fire, and Drought - Make it stand out Unsplash by John Towner https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634049446032-F26BSO99S3W2VXFRXDBD/IPCC+physical+risk+extreme+heat+drought+precipitation+WG1 Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Heat, Fire, and Drought - Make it stand out Image showing the increased frequency and intensity of heat, precipitation, and drought as the world warms. From the IPCC AR6 report WG1 (2021) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/climate-change-damages-rising-seas-storms-amp-flooding monthly 0.5 2021-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Rising Seas, Storms, and Flooding - Make it stand out Buy the book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634031111297-UNFQZCL63N6VPN604BS6/IPCC+warming+scenarios Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Rising Seas, Storms, and Flooding - Make it stand out Shows the International Panel on Climate Change scenarios - SSP3-7 represents a pathway where little change is made to energy and agricultural systems and SSP5-8.5 is a scenario (now unlikely) of a return to increasing consumption of coal and coal products. Both mean more than 3C warming this century. From the latest IPCC report AR6 WG1 SPM. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634033913450-ZWHX0WNMEKOYQFH37JYO/flooding Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Rising Seas, Storms, and Flooding - Make it stand out Unsplash by Kelly Sikkema https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634031609558-5VGTD6PVB96WZGU70IUH/Rising+Seas+and+Flooding+Displaced+People Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Rising Seas, Storms, and Flooding - Make it stand out Black Line: Total cumulative number of people displaced due to rising sea levels based on peak consumption, inaction scenario (>3⁰C warming by 2100, >4⁰C by 2150), calculated based on population living below mean sea level as water rises. Shaded Area: Increase in mean sea level in metres projected by our model (in line with IPCC). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1634032013306-YZBYQP8US9DRWCBQQNMF/IPCC+changes+to+heavy+precipitation+since+1970 Book Blog - Climate Change Damages - Rising Seas, Storms, and Flooding - Make it stand out Shows the change to extreme precipitation events since the 1950’s across all areas of the World. From the latest IPCC report AR6 WG1 SPM. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/climate-engineering-solar-radiation-management monthly 0.5 2022-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Climate+Change+and+the+road+to+Net+Zero+book+cover Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Solar Radiation Management - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633084394780-H9PNM8BX51WJKJU4R6FX/volcanic+explosion Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Solar Radiation Management - Make it stand out Unsplash by Diego Sanchez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633019108610-K6E6XL22RJI7LWZKMPLQ/Estimated+costs+of+Climate+Engineering Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Solar Radiation Management - Make it stand out Estimated costs of Negative Emissions Technology (NET) and Solar Radiation Management (SRM) in USD$ per tonne of CO2 reduction (left hand axis), or in USD$ cents per kWh energy offset equivalent (based on today’s average of 1,850 kWh final energy provided per tonne of CO2e) (right hand axis). Author calculations for NET and data from The Royal Society for SRM https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633084497585-ZGFDQCQ5VKW8LPSR8VYZ/clouds+above+sea Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Solar Radiation Management - Make it stand out Unsplash by Nattu Adnan https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1633019153826-TNUUP6QE4MZF4C9DRX32/Physical+Limits+of+Climate+Engineering Book Blog - Climate Engineering & Solar Radiation Management - Make it stand out Estimated limit of NET and SRM. Left Axis: Annual CO2 offset in billion tonnes for NET or equivalent CO2 offset for SRM (average of next 80 years). Right Axis shows limit for solar radiation offset for SRM and equivalent for NET (80 years average). Author calculations on NET and data from The Royal Society for SRM https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/a-short-history-of-climate-models monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - A Short History of Climate Models - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631035825002-UD1WDES11ZSUCZBP82LX/Callandar.JPG Book Blog - A Short History of Climate Models - Make it stand out Original image from Guy Stewart Callendar’s 1938 paper “The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature”. Horizontal axis shows CO2 in parts per 10,000 (multiply by 100 for ppm). Vertical axis shows his predicted temperature change in ⁰C. The increasingly shallow curve shows a logarithmic relationship. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631529779288-4AZJ4EENE2KGPU1PFVLE/Supercomputer Book Blog - A Short History of Climate Models - Make it stand out Unsplash by Taylor Vick https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631528389484-5YWM5OSW8J3SKSKIYKCR/Early+climate+model+temperature+predictions+by+year Book Blog - A Short History of Climate Models - Make it stand out Comparison of temperature forecasts, made by scientists between 1973 and 1981, with the actual temperature rise since the 1970s. These predictions represent the first scientific basis for global warming built into predictive models. Sawyer, Broeker, Hansen https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631528465409-E1RYTWPDQ9FMNU5WYG54/Early+climate+model+forecasts+by+atmospheric+CO2+concentration Book Blog - A Short History of Climate Models - Make it stand out The same temperature predictions by Sawyer and Broecker but in relation to CO2 ppm concentrations rather than by year. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-human-epoch-how-are-destabilising-the-earth monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book+cover.png Book Blog - The Human Epoch: How we are destabilising the Earth - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1629284034092-PCRPUCIR95ERCWPSPK3D/combustion+equation+in+text Book Blog - The Human Epoch: How we are destabilising the Earth - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1629282503124-T06B20DPUOG8HEGVEUCJ/The+Carbon+Cycle Book Blog - The Human Epoch: How we are destabilising the Earth - Make it stand out Simplified depiction of the Carbon Cycle. Grey text shows carbon stores in billion tonnes (Gt). Black text shows annual carbon flows in billion tonnes (Gt) (multiply by 3.7 for CO2). Natural flows balance each other, human emissions into atmosphere are only half offset by the enhanced uptake of the land-ocean sink processes. Adapted from NASA Earth Observatory and NOAA carbon cycle data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1629282701675-NK1HR1NXU1VOHN5YUXZY/temperature+and+carbon+dioxide+over+2000+years Book Blog - The Human Epoch: How we are destabilising the Earth - Make it stand out Reconstructed temperature (dashed line) and atmospheric CO2 concentrations (solid line) for the last 2,000 years. Temperature data from NOAA and IPCC 5th report.31 CO2 from Macfarling Meure et al. (CO2 Law Dome Antarctica ice core).32 Temperatures are relative to the pre-industrial average through the years 1850-1900. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1629282898401-DSFBZL5T58XDSGP7XLG0/nz-p.58%402x-100.jpg Book Blog - The Human Epoch: How we are destabilising the Earth - Make it stand out Temperature (dashed line) and CO2 concentrations (solid line) since 1860. Data from NASA Land-Ocean Temperature Index and NOAA ESRL CO2 data (Antarctic ice core data to 1959 Law Dome (D.M Etheridge et al.) and Mauna Loa, Hawaii direct measurements thereafter).33, 34 Temperatures are relative to the pre-industrial average between 1851-1880. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/understanding-greenhouse-gases monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Understanding Greenhouse Gases - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1628251168083-4I53HB7XEAFDB91YTJR6/Tyndall+Gas+Warming+potential.JPG Book Blog - Understanding Greenhouse Gases - Make it stand out Scientist John Tyndall’s setup for measuring radiant heat absorption by gases (Diagram published in 1861). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1628250462230-YWPBG2L1RT2V8WH0C30T/nz-p.142%402x-100.jpg Book Blog - Understanding Greenhouse Gases - Make it stand out Global Warming Potential of methane and nitrous oxide compared to CO2 over 100 years (IPCC AR5) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1628250301440-NOGZ6UZDITWCW14TDNL1/Picture38.jpg Book Blog - Understanding Greenhouse Gases - Make it stand out Top: Total CO2 equivalent emissions per year including energy supply and non-energy emissions of all greenhouse gases.4 Bottom Left: Annual CO2 emissions from energy generation. Bottom Right: CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (in CO2e) not from energy generation. As of 2020. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/a-brief-history-of-climate-progress monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1627293473914-0QDN6ESVWC6WSKP3TZ48/nz-p.65%402x-100.jpg Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1627293351819-ELHBK1LCCZPV6ANNWJ8R/Picture21.jpg Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out Comparison of temperature forecasts, made by scientists between 1973 and 1981, with the actual temperature rise since the 1970s. These predictions represent the first scientific basis for global warming built into predictive models https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1627299137105-KEFKXS7X2X1E9AB406SS/NDC+%28or+proposed+NDC+by+country%29 Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out Change to annual global CO2e emissions by major emitter countries based on proposed (or established) NDC submissions and proposals (EU) - starting year 2018, target year 2030. The world emits just over 50 billion tonnes of CO2e per year today and even if all proposed NDCs are achieved will still emit just under 50 billion tonnes in 2030 - this will lock-in at least 1.5 degrees C warming . Data from UNFCCC NDC and work by CAT Emissions Tracker https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1627293632650-RQRKM87OLU00D7CX8TRX/UN+gap+report+2020 Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out United Nations Emissions Gap Report 2020 - shows estimated emissions in 2030 under 2020 policies, unconditional NDCs being met, and unconditional and conditional NDCs being met alongside the trajectory required for keeping temperature increases below 2 degrees C. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1627396323685-Q9ZS1V9YGQV61RELRIQI/climate+action+timeline Book Blog - A Brief History of Climate Progress - Make it stand out A Timeline of action on climate, annual emissions globally in billion tonnes CO2e, and the remaining CO2e budget which can be emitted by human activity to keep warming to within 1.5 degree C https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-carbon-cycle monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1622560774920-WGGEYBDVLGS1SAU16BZW/Weathered+Rock Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplash by Lizzie George https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1622560947668-12I7LEZPG1QPWQJA3K4T/volcanic+activity Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplash by Pernomo Capunk https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1622561202523-3INDCS3B4RKTK82EZ3NT/ocean Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplash by Tim Marshall https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1624010201134-SQ5XXL7KG3O7HDEWQRCJ/trees+looking+up Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplash by Arnaud https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1624010259199-JUGSVDITDMER5K6B1XR6/Algae Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplah by the Tampa Bay Estuary Program https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1624010355675-IAVXCLPJ37TM4K4LH3DN/image+of+the+sun++over+water Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Unsplash by Maksym Zakharyak https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1624010094703-JUK6QAJY75X6H8L2EVKT/Diagram+showing+natural+processes+which+control+CO2+concentrations+and+the+temperature+of+the+planet+over+different+timescales. Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Diagram showing natural processes which control CO2 concentrations and the temperature of the planet over different timescales. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1624010488361-5T8IJQ806VPOSPB9G2QS/carbon+dioxide+and+temperature+over+the+last+1+million+years+showing+ice+ages+and+interglacial+periods Book Blog - The Carbon Cycle and Ice Ages - Make it stand out Atmospheric CO2 concentration in ppm (labels left side of axis) and Antarctic temperature (relative to pre-industrial period from 1850-1900) for the last 800,000 years (labels right side of axis), data from NOAA Paleoclimatology data EPICA Dome C Ice Core Temperature estimates (from deuterium) and revised Antarctica composite ice core atmospheric CO2 data. J. Jouzel et al., "EPICA Dome C Ice Core 800KYr Deuterium Data and Temperature Estimates", IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, NOAA, 2007. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/limits-of-carbon-offsetting monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Limits of Carbon Capture for Energy - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620204774495-8XPX0WFJ5EZZY01XRSOY/offshore+oil+rig Book Blog - The Limits of Carbon Capture for Energy Unsplash by Zachary Theodore https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620134519023-X0PPF6JXL42SY6W3PKON/Picture48.jpg Book Blog - The Limits of Carbon Capture for Energy Cost to offset CO2e emissions in USD per tonne CO2e and in equivalent USD cent per kWh final energy supply (based on today’s average of 1,850 kWh final energy per tonne of CO2e). Average energy prices are $5.5-6c per kWh today (weighted average of all energy types). Author’s calculations. Carbon capture technology can extract 65% of the flue emissions but reduces energy output by more than 20% for capture and another 7% for compression. The equipment costs are $400-800 per kW and so the total costs are $30-50 per tonne of CO2 for capture, plus another $1-10 per tonne to transport and store. A cost of $2-4c per kWh to offset carbon emissions at-point. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620205051235-V8OUOSNSRS7PDJSZH5YE/A+forest+from+above Book Blog - The Limits of Carbon Capture for Energy Unsplash by Polin Kosovscova https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/energy-supply-options-in-a-net-zero-future monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620130423990-52RDRXDWMUU17OADC6GO/oil+extraction Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Oil Extraction. Unsplash (by Zbynek Burival) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620130517037-SU16OASVMYNWBQLULJP2/unsplash-image-Wy0RUh-1DyM.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Hydroelectric. Unsplash by Dan Meyers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620130580517-CMFD6PWCYZP5IP5C3CJF/solar+roof Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Solar Roof. Unsplash by Vivant Solar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620131008904-7HLEK05LWQ5MSUUJY5W0/Wind+Turbines Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Wind Turbines. Unsplash by Nico https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620130666796-M5QKQXFC2D5V3PS6FK77/algae Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Algae. Unsplash by Liz Harrel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1619704576074-E6CZQRDJUSE4LMZGC6SC/Energy+density+of+energy+supply+options Book Blog - Energy Supply Options for a Net-Zero Future Left of chart: Thermal or heat energy released from the combustion of various carbon-based fuels or the fission of 4% enriched uranium per kg. Right of Chart: Electrical energy from 1 kg of water in an average hydroelectric reservoir, 1kg of coal or gas combustion, or 1kg of uranium fission. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/understanding-energy monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Understanding Energy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1619705017504-CXYVRMHISN3N7V1UGK05/the+sun Book Blog - Understanding Energy The Sun. Unsplash (by Jonathan Borba) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620202968522-5BVAPSRROIHZHSSJQS1O/nuclear+controls Book Blog - Understanding Energy Unsplash by Dan Meyers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1619704576074-E6CZQRDJUSE4LMZGC6SC/energy+density+of+energy+sources+in+kWh+per+kg Book Blog - Understanding Energy Left of chart: Thermal or heat energy released from the combustion of various carbon-based fuels or the fission of 4% enriched uranium per kg. Right of Chart: Electrical energy from 1 kg of water in an average hydroelectric reservoir, 1kg of coal or gas combustion, or 1kg of uranium fission. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/how-much-will-zero-carbon-energy-cost monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620134195781-JAJ4D2OTSZ1CC75LF91U/computer+chip Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? Computer Chip. Unsplash https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618311932364-7OBXC71C83K4BRV1SWWC/the+experience+curve+or+learning+curve Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620132247333-IO21MEFNJXCGSJP5QYSS/Solar+Cost+experience+curve Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? Solar PV experience curve shows the decline in the average cost of installing 1 MW of solar farm capacity, as installed capacity has increased. Each time capacity has doubled, costs have dropped 20%. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312042014-X435C7XBG9PHV4QQA2QH/Wind+cost+experience+curve Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? Wind experience curve shows the decline in the average cost of installing 1 MW of wind farm power capacity, as installed capacity has increased. Each time cumulative capacity has doubled, costs have dropped 10%. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620132153720-WDZG642R11J8DB2SO3NH/Levelised+cost+of+energy+today+and+once+fully+scaled+in+a+net-zero+system Book Blog - How much will zero carbon energy cost? Levelised Cost of Energy supply today and at full scale excluding inflation. Combined capital costs, operating costs, and fuel costs per kWh of useable energy product – electrical or thermal. Represents the wholesale cost of generating energy before distribution, overheads, and taxes. We use a standard 3% discount rate / post tax weighted average cost of capital excluding inflation (equivalent to ~5% nominal post tax, and 6.5% nominal pre-tax) for all technologies both today and at full scale – this is the same as our damage discounting and also represents the mid-point of global renewables financing today (7% nominal post tax) and best in class financing today (2.5% nominal post tax). Author’s standardised LCOE calculations, using data sources. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/net-zero-industry monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248380842-OGLM88ONQJPRGIYW5C7Q/Steel+manufacturing Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Unsplash (by Ant Rozetsky) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248476943-RTDUKGH9L1Q9FC4VGFZH/chemicals+manufacture Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Unsplash (by Crystal Kwok) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248583050-N6XGNJ9P6HS3GB4RW6KI/cement+mixer Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Unsplash (by Chuttersnap) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248829607-2QCW7J8F6IWOJKMMBHYN/wood%2Bhotel.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Wooden Skyscraper Hotel https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618247039109-05833O6NTPLNNUFR7D5Z/Levelised+Cost+of+Manufacture.+Shows+the+cost+of+main+current+technology+compared+to+a+net-zero+solution+and+the+change+in+cost+of+manufacturing+per+tonne+over+the+life+of+the+equipment. Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Levelised Cost of Manufacture. Shows the cost of main current technology compared to a net-zero solution and the change in cost of manufacturing per tonne over the life of the equipment. Based on energy prices before tax and at wholesale rates, natural gas and coal at $2c per kWh and net-zero electricity at scale $6-7c per kWh. Author’s standardised LCOE calculations, cost data referenced in preceding text. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248914943-RJ7USYTCVZFG4W2DM1V7/processing Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Unsplash (by Clayton Cardinalli) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618248978717-Z7SUFROM7OL1XL30BHA5/robot Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Unsplash (by Alex Knight) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618249022679-4VLF16MPKL4MY531LN16/Table+showing+the+economics+of+peak+industry+and+net+zero Book Blog - Net-Zero Industry Table showing energy and emissions of the industrial system today and under various future scenarios. Today’s emissions based on IPCC and future scenarios based on estimates from the book, net zero. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/industrial-emissions monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Industrial Emissions - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618232205806-OPMC8YI057N9QL7OYDIX/Picture76.jpg Book Blog - Industrial Emissions https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618232262720-0N8O0IDJLTVQ94LSAUCJ/Energy+use+by+type+in+industrial+processing+of+materials+-+compares+heating%2C+cooling%2C+drying%2C+motors%2C+and+compressed+air Book Blog - Industrial Emissions Energy use by type in industrial processing of materials. From Paul Griffin et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618234906732-O4V2OX082UQKO7P9OMZG/unsplash-image-Q59HmzK38eQ.jpg Book Blog - Industrial Emissions Unsplash (by rupixen.com) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618232334773-N3SQ32CDLZM4VZ6O965J/Material+Footprint+includes+all+domestic+consumption+and+imported+consumption+minus+exported+product. Book Blog - Industrial Emissions Material Footprint includes all domestic consumption and imported consumption minus exported product. ‘The Material Footprint of Nations’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618232494990-WV3OY1XFTE6SL8C1T6NO/Embedded+emissions+of+materials.+Tonnes+of+CO2+released+during+extraction+and+processing+of+one+tonne+of+material. Book Blog - Industrial Emissions Embedded emissions of materials. Tonnes of CO2 released during extraction and processing of one tonne of material. Data from Materials Data Book by Mike Ashby and calculations from the book net-zero. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618232551343-U8V5ZE4JO6W0W9EW8ZVS/Embedded+carbon+emissions+-+tonnes+of+CO2e+per+cubic+metre+of+product Book Blog - Industrial Emissions Embedded carbon emissions - tonnes of CO2e per cubic metre of product. Data from Materials Data Book by Mike Ashby and calculations from the book net-zero. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-kaya-identity monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616421345184-0J7PBPIA86LPOET4F1Q0/The+Kaya+identity+equals+population+times+GDP+per+person+times+energy+per+unit+GDP+times+Emissions+per+unit+energy Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616421537324-644PW12B7YW1YCDBQN72/Global+Green+House+Gas+%28GHG%29+emissions+since+1965+broken+down+into+the+Kaya+identity+of+population%2C+GDP%2C+efficiency%2C+and+intensity. Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity Change in population (red), GDP per capita (grey), energy per $GDP (blue), CO2 emissions per unit energy (green) and total CO2 emissions per year (black solid) for the world since 1965. Calculated from data sources: CO2e emissions, GDP, energy, population https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616422053885-3WB9F876SMM9K5RIUCCL/Fertility+Rate+%28children+per+woman%29+compared+to+income+by+country Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity Fertility rate versus GDP per person by country (bubble size is population). Data from Our World in Data https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616435522128-05XHBTKMP0MVMM1E7HBI/unsplash-image-6ULy3pxuxL8.jpg Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity Image from Unsplash (by Denys Nevozhai) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616422354853-VJS64OTLJT0XW717M33C/The+Kaya+identity+levers+and+the+global+warming+outcome+-+which+is+most+effective+limiting+population%2C+consumption%2C+efficiency%2C+or+emissions+intensity. Book Blog - Mitigation and the Kaya identity Different temperature increase forecasts based on our simplified radiative forcing model and applying the four levers of our Kaya identity. Black: Exponential consumption is the benchmark with peak population of 10 billion, 2% compound consumption growth and no change to efficiency or emissions intensity. Red: Fertility rates are set to 1 and population halves by next century, agricultural land is freed up and reforested, consumption growth continues per person at 2%. Blue: Energy and agricultural efficiency are improved at a rate of 1.5% per year, consumption growth still compounds at 2%. Orange: GDP per person is set at $14,000, 10 billion people, no improvement to efficiency or emissions intensity. Green: emissions intensity drops to net-zero in 30 years, agricultural land use still grows until peak population, peak food consumption. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-two-ten-percents monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615636248028-DG2LC346RA2VZ0KXMB0F/Picture3.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents GDP per capita on the horizontal axes using a logarithmic scale versus percentage working in agriculture from Our World in Data. The size of each bubble represents the population of the country in question, not all countries labelled. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615636276041-ICVD6XGYYCCD0W2FJFJ3/Picture4.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents GDP per capita on the horizontal axes using a logarithmic scale versus vertical axis average years spent in formal education from Our World in Data. The size of each bubble represents the population of the country in question, not all countries labelled. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615636595724-34S0EEQTOWLZ4827TSBC/Picture107.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents GDP per capita on the horizontal axes using a logarithmic scale versus vertical axis life expectancy at birth from Our World in Data. The size of each bubble represents the population of the country in question, not all countries labelled. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615636296387-MTXITVCTWMGA8OBD48TJ/Picture5.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents GDP per capita on the horizontal axes using a logarithmic scale versus vertical axis percent of children that die before the age of five from Our World in Data. The size of each bubble represents the population of the country in question, not all countries labelled. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615636979439-OZSXF5EZ298HLUHTMBHV/Photos+x12.JPG Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents Images courtesy of $Dollar Street, Gapminder.org. Annual income bands estimated based on “The future of Worldwide Income Distribution” Note: income per capita is slightly less than average GDP per capita (USD 12,000, USD 18,000 purchase parity) quoted elsewhere because of depreciation, cash retained by companies, certain government spending and under reporting on tax returns. Amount quoted in 2011 USD purchase price parity including the value of self-production and consumption (eg food growing). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615659376315-XMTMXQHLYHUQKDHBF7VS/unsplash-image-VNZhPn1YRZA.jpg Book Blog - The Two Ten-Percents The division of wealth. Unsplash (Jason Sung) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/credit-crunch-versus-climate-crunch monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Credit Crunch versus Climate Crunch - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618251472043-NQCY2HQ1VRQP9M4326OZ/Anomalies+in+summer+temperatures+over+different+time+periods.+And+sub-systems Book Blog - Credit Crunch versus Climate Crunch Left shows distribution of anomalies in summer temperatures over different time periods. Right shows sub-systems. Adapted from Mckinsey Global Institute https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615821196222-WOU1UWAOCK3EPGQAAESD/Capture.PNG Book Blog - Credit Crunch versus Climate Crunch Climate Change Tipping Point Risks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615821393159-R9GLO9Z4EW8ZD18NM7H9/unsplash-image-CeVj8lPBJSc.jpg Book Blog - Credit Crunch versus Climate Crunch Wall Street (Unsplash by lo lo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250725556-WUP917XUN98G0E6EQK3P/Comparison+of+the+credit+crunch+and+the+climate+crunch+or+carbon+crunch+in+value+at+risk Book Blog - Credit Crunch versus Climate Crunch Tail risk, Sub-system collapse and systemic breakdown events for the 2008/09 Credit Crunch and the potential elements of a Carbon Crunch. CDO = collateralised debt obligation. Post Lehman losses reflect market declines immediately after Lehman Brothers collapsed. Lost Wealth is the reduction in Global household wealth between 2007 and 2008. Fossil fuel stranded assets are 70% of the future $10 trillion profits on fossil fuel reserves (in today’s money). Fossil fuel reliant assets are the present value of power plants, vehicles, industrial equipment, and home/commercial appliances which rely on fossil fuels. Damages from warming represents the present value of future climate damages to 2100 under a baseline inaction scenario using a 3% discount rate. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/attribution-and-participation monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Attribution, Participation, and Collective Action - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615485035811-T3BPLBJQNCWFOLK7QNX4/Climate+change+and+Air+Pollution+compared+to+other+global+problems Book Blog - Attribution, Participation, and Collective Action Left: Number of people suffering from lack of basic amenities, poverty, corruption, health and climate change impacts over last 12 months. Climate Change bar shows estimates now and by the end of the century if left unchecked (most other factors of suffering are generally in decline). Right Inset: Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost every year due to risk factors. Estimates from the book net-zero for climate change, other data from multiple sources including WHO, Our World in Data, UNHCR, Avert, Lancet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615461795459-S2FKW8R8STJNQPH7ZC3F/warming+stripes.png Book Blog - Attribution, Participation, and Collective Action Warming Stripes. Represents average global temperature each year between 1850-2019. By Ed Hawkins https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615460983071-MBJ8L1HPBK5XRNEXOZQ7/Share+of+Electricity+from+renewables+US+versus+Europe Book Blog - Attribution, Participation, and Collective Action Share of electricity generated from renewables in Europe and US. Data from BP statistical review, Based on gross output. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/energy-supply-and-remaining-resources monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply and Remaining Resources - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615456496722-73GE1TI127HMN1DC3SJZ/Hydraulic+Fracking+Process Book Blog - Energy Supply and Remaining Resources Hydraulic Fracking Process https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615455204219-0X5CU618YNK1TMUNCXE6/Remaining+reserves+and+resources+of+oil%2C+gas%2C+coal%2C+and+uranium+to+power+the+global+economy+%28in+years+final+energy%29 Book Blog - Energy Supply and Remaining Resources Reserves are oil, gas, coal, and uranium already discovered and which can be extracted using today’s technology at reasonable cost. Resources show estimated coal, oil, gas, and uranium on Earth which has yet been discovered or requires better technology or more cost to extract. Units are 100,000 TWh or 1 years’ worth of final energy today so each column shows how many years each resource could power the whole planet. Author’s calculations based on data referenced in the above text. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252222360-JBV8TS9KMSY6QVXDAEUK/fossil+fuel+reserves+and+resources+on+earth Book Blog - Energy Supply and Remaining Resources Estimated fossil fuel resources left on Earth are all the coal, gas, and oil deposits. Remaining reserves can be extracted using today’s technology at reasonable cost. Each bubble represents 50 billion tonnes of carbon (multiply by 3.7 for CO2). Grey = Natural Gas, Black & White = Oil, Black = Coal. Carbon budget shows the amount of carbon which can still be burnt before 1.5⁰C or 2⁰C warming is breached (based on our simplified warming model). Data from BP statistical review (2019). World Energy Resources (2016). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615456620628-50SJ3SJ443MTLGX9LMK5/unsplash-image-07KxLPfH0l4.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply and Remaining Resources Wind Turbines (Unsplash Kai Gradert) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/inequality-and-climate-justice monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Inequality and Climate Justice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614867279558-8C6Z0XXOB49MC0N4K4S5/Flood+risk%2C+inequality%2C+and+climate+justice Book Blog - Inequality and Climate Justice Flood defences against rising oceans and more extreme weather will cost developing countries ten times more as a % of GDP than rich counties (Unsplash by Tuan Nguyen) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614854121901-DO7Y7I3G68CVWVNAHKSZ/GDP+impact+by+region+3+degree+C+warming.PNG Book Blog - Inequality and Climate Justice Annual average CO2 emissions per person (tonnes) in each country versus the estimated GDP impact of that country from 3⁰C warming. CO2 per person per region from Janssens-Maenhout et al., GDP impact from Roberto Roson, Martina Sartori et al. and includes impacts from labour and agricultural productivity, health, tourism, energy demand and sea level rise. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614854158594-UQWSG8EMIYR8BAG0QTV3/Wealth+versus+CO2+emissions.PNG Book Blog - Inequality and Climate Justice Cumulative CO2 emissions by region for the last 200 years divided by the current population versus the average wealth per person in the region (assets minus debt). Cumulative CO2 emissions from Tom Boden et al. CDIAC. Wealth per person from Credit Suisse Wealth Report. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614854183852-I4M3AB7S27I9JEEEL63Y/GDP+versus+annual+greenhouse+gas+emissions+by+region.PNG Book Blog - Inequality and Climate Justice Annual CO2 emissions by region versus average GDP per person by region. Annual CO2 per person from Janssens-Maenhout et al., GDP per Person from World Bank. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/energy-supply-and-lifecycle-emissions monthly 0.5 2023-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614771286612-EZZDMGDKQ8IQ6SDI8N2L/Lifecycle+CO2+equivalent+emissions+by+energy+supply+technology+including+fossil+fuels%2C+nuclear+and+renewables+from+the+book+Climate+change+and+the+road+to+net+zero+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions Lifecycle CO2e emissions by energy source. Includes emissions from mining, manufacture, construction, fuel, losses, waste disposal, and decommissioning where relevant. Based on current fossil fuel centric manufacturing systems and energy sources. Author’s calculations, cross-referenced with NREL data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614777692132-MX30X62HN5WFJSMEHDHM/Carbon+dioxide+emissions+from+combustion Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels range between 200 g CO2e per kWh to over 1,000 g CO2e per kWh energy (Unsplash by Ricardo Gomez Angel) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614772697422-98TXI17Q6JAL6WG1U656/Solar+Panel+being+fitted Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions Solar panels emit 30 grams of CO2 equivalent lifecycle emissions per kWh electricity generation, today. A factor of 10-30x lower emissions compared to fossil fuel generation, and trending down as low carbon energy helps manufacture more low carbon energy technology (image from Unsplash by Science in HD) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614772962703-EW7OAY01U2BI6AYL4Q10/Wind+turbines+and+lifecycle+emissions Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions Wind turbines emit 11 grams of CO2 equivalent lifecycle emissions per kWh electricity generation, today. A factor of 30-100x lower emissions compared to fossil fuel generation, and trending down as low carbon energy helps manufacture more low carbon energy technology (image from Unsplash by Cameron Venti). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1614773152061-AIZN5695U8SU7EISMLAJ/ethanol+car+and+life+cycle+emissions Book Blog - Energy Supply and Lifecycle Emissions Biofuels are in theory net-zero carbon but the processing energy, fertiliser, water, and land use create lifecycle emissions https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/market-failures-and-the-tragedy-of-the-commons monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Tragedy of the Commons - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613926537634-9NDC8TDI5KT7UCZ07V52/a+grazing+cow+and+the+tragedy+of+the+commons Book Blog - The Tragedy of the Commons A Grazing Cow (Unsplash, Teresa Vega) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613927138877-MJK99HZHY0WYZA3W4FG1/A+factory+manufacturing+goods+and+emitting+carbon+dioxide+-+economic+externalities+in+action Book Blog - The Tragedy of the Commons A Factory Manufacturing Goods and Emitting CO2 (Unsplash by ETA+) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/land-use-by-energy-source monthly 0.5 2023-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613827555891-4TOI1K2XRILUE42P1VLV/Power+Density+in+Watts+per+Metre+of+Energy+Supplies+by+Type+including+gas%2C+oil%2C+nuclear%2C+wind%2C+solar%2C+hydro%2C+geothermal%2C+biofuels%2C+wood+and+coal.+From+the+book+net+zero+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh. Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use Power Density measured in watts power per square metre by energy source type. Fossil fuels include wells and mined area. Electric sources refer to utility scale power plants, wind farms, and solar farms. Gas and coal heating is based on industrial operations, oil based on motor vehicles, biofuels based on the area required to grow the biomass and hydroelectric the catchment area and reservoir. Power densities calculated from example facilities in the book net zero and collated with a meta-analysis published by John van Zalk and Paul Behrens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613829290840-EU932GZUPRSZJ5WJAUIX/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use Thermal Power Facility (Unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613830063246-F6KB1K9B4FMW7W473G7E/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use Solar PV farm (Unsplash by Markus Spiske) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613830332196-SL9EC81VT0GIFQ0TJ95Z/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use Wind Turbines (Unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613830640751-JNIV9VPV4DKQK8EF54EB/Three+Gorges+Dam+in+China Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use The Three Gorges Dam, China. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613827736925-YUUAUCXXRXYASU4PUJ29/Percentage+of+land+Required+to+Power+the+World+by+Energy+Supply+Type+including+oil%2C+gas%2C+coal%2C+wind%2C+solar%2C+hydro%2C+geothermal%2C+biofuel%2C+wood%2C+tidal.+From+the+book+net+zero+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Energy Supply, Power Density, and Land Use The Earth’s surface is 517 million km2 with over two thirds ocean and less than one third land. The 150 million km2 of land is composed of one third forest, one third agriculture, 20% sparse land, 10% snow or water and 2% urban development. Based on our power density data we calculate the percentage of land required to meet global average final power demand (12 TW) using solely each technology. From the book net zero by Mathew Hampshire-Waugh. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/agricultural-to-industrial-revolution monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613237288203-N0S7W4AGIQM8DO2E9LVW/Hunter+Gatherer+and+early+innovations Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Kalina hunter gatherer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613236970722-B28GTB2WYDV64CF3KASD/summerian+clay+tablet+and+innovation+in+knowledge+transfer Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Sumerian account of silver https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613237403861-KCZTOPH4SH0FIPHZW29V/Copernicus+and+the+scientific+revolution Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Copernican heliocentrism diagram https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613238702060-J2UYXLPGVKKZZG6QTXVB/Newcomen%27s+pump+and+the+first+steam+engine Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Newcomen’s Pump https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613238741074-Y01BLIN7GMCF090VNK8V/Edwin+Drake+and+first+oil+well Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Drake (right) and his oil well https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613238778692-NQ8KHB5V9PSLK47S52KO/Holborn+Viaduct+first+full+scale+power+station Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Edison’s Holborn Viaduct Power Station https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613237873149-0K679PODV3TNHMCLVBSQ/Humphry+Davy+and+Guano+fertiliser Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Chincha Guano Island https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613238155205-BC4W97YXUJVXIBGJ73U4/third+industrial+revolution+and+automation Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution KUKA Industrial Robots https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252352175-1F201K7H6NTPIRXFG0U0/Income+per+person%2C+energy+per+person%2C+and+academic+journals+in+print+-+the+virtuous+circle+of+innovation%2C+knowledge%2C+and+energy+of Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Income or GDP per person per year, academic journals in existence, and energy use per person per year over the last 2000 years. GDP data collated from Bank of England, Our World in Data, and Angus Maddison. Energy data collated from E.Cook, Our World in Data, and Vaclav Smil. From the book net zero by Mathew Hampshire-Waugh. Journals data from Shuttleworth and Charlney. From the book net zero by Mathew Hampshire-Waugh. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252524656-3EO898PB6KDH3EATVPMK/agricultural+employment+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Agricultural employment as a percentage of total employment by year. Data from Our World in Data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252553155-ZJPXK517IKACXH3LY55C/life+expectancy+and+child+mortality+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Agricultural to Industrial Revolution Life expectancy at birth by year for UK and the World average. Child Mortality defined as percentage of deaths before the age of five by year. Data from Our World in Data. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/a-brief-history-of-humanity-and-the-malthusian-trap monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613224142187-KPW6MOD87NDICH55SKU4/The+expansion+of+dense+forests+500+million+years+ago Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Forest (Unsplash by Timothy L Brock) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613226328649-4YTJ2DK4475EJFUDQ5YZ/the+first+mammal+and+a+brief+history+of+planet+earth Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap The Morganucodon - the first known mammal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250620384-GZ9DU0QPD9JNUIFAPN2T/carbon+dioxide+in+the+atmosphere.+Temperature+and+carbon+dioxide+for+500+million+years+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap CO2 ppm and temperature (relative to pre-industrial period from 1850-1900) for the last 500 million years, data based on the average of hundreds of studies: Adapted from Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope by Ross J. Salawitch et al. published by Springer Climate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613225185352-Q4JBSUG51BCZBZTJX3EM/Cleopatra+and+Shakespeare Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Cleopatra & Shakespeare https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613225311174-GTCW28IPGO7XBQ8CS0FC/Thomas+Robert+Malthus Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Thomas Robert Malthus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613225378266-V8G2A6FU8DN8W6JHTLAW/compound+interest+and+the+power+of+exponential+growth Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Unsplash by Ibrahim Rifath https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613225929328-2O5UOLU1F7BE4MKGR6FR/Global+population+for+2000+years+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Data from Our World in Data and United Nations https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252680970-M0D0RQIET61PNN498GT1/Human+Prosperity%2C+Climate+Change%2C+and+the+Malthusian+Trap+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Humanity and the Malthusian Trap Human Prosperity, Climate Change, and the Malthusian Trap https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/net-zero-agriculture monthly 0.5 2021-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Net-Zero Agriculture - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613986827570-2P0IGH8CDI8JFWXWVBF5/Agriculture+-+field+-+combine+harvesters Book Blog - Net-Zero Agriculture Big Ag (Unsplash by Johny Goerend) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612629378585-71SXFKEYHYC3ITSN5X5D/meat+consumption+per+person+by+region+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Net-Zero Agriculture Americans consume the most meat with an average of 100 kg per year, the equivalent of 2.5 quarter pounders per day. Data from OECD. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618251156901-TWMIZ31UNAMUNHUTRQ9B/land+use+for+food+now+and+scenarios+in+the+future+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Net-Zero Agriculture Estimates of land use for agriculture based on different future scenarios from the book net zero. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618252794921-ZWDWNIRNIPTBY68HBD6N/sustainable+agriculture+and+greenhouse+gases+now+and+in+the+future+scenarios+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Net-Zero Agriculture Table showing emissions of the agricultural system today and the scenarios we laid out for different possible futures. Today’s emissions based on IPCC and future scenarios based on estimates from the book, net zero. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/agricultural-emissions monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618311569838-FOCHIXL4QZF0DI9MMGJG/efficiency+of+agriculture+-+agricultural+productivity+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions Today’s agricultural system. Starts with 6,000 kcal per person per day grown on cropland and 3,800 kcal per person per day from pastureland. Finishes with 2,350 calories per person per day recommended intake. The rest is lost along the way. Adapted from Berners-Lee and estimates from the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613987044319-AL9PEYLQAE8U65LCP98C/Football+pitch+in+forest+-+we+use+one+pitch+worth+of+agricultural+land+for+each+person+on+the+planet Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions We use an average of one football pitch of farming land per person on the planet (Unsplash by Philipp Trubchenko) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618311689267-Q016YWZJ5HL44P4HQW9G/agricultural+emissions+-+greenhouse+gases+and+farming+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions Left Chart: Annual global final energy use by sector. Right Chart: Annual human CO2 equivalent emissions by sector, green is agriculture (all greenhouse gas emissions are standardised into global warming potential equivalent to CO2 over 100 years). Data from IPCC, IEA, and estimates from the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612620525086-9D5ZAJKZJXXDWW1HRO7B/cows+methane Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions Methane Emissions from Cows (Unplash by Lomig) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612620575933-ZGUSHCOII2I5ML7CVG52/rice+paddies+methane Book Blog - Agricultural Emissions Rice Paddies and methane emissions (Unsplash by Koes Nadi) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/carbon-dioxide-and-temperature-over-500-million-years monthly 0.5 2023-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over 500 million Years - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612101029777-3P2AATFQGYP206UZTMY4/proxy+data+for+studying+past+climate+-+indirect+evidence+of+past+climate+-+climate+proxy+data Book Blog - Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over 500 million Years Tree Rings - Each one is a year of growth (Unsplash by Patrick Fore) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250620384-GZ9DU0QPD9JNUIFAPN2T/Temperature+and+carbon+dioxide+for+500+million+years+-+earths+past+climate+-+highest+co2+levels+in+earths+history+-+paleoclimatology+-+CO2+ppm+-+paleoclimate+reconstruction+-+paleoclimate+record+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over 500 million Years CO2 ppm and temperature (relative to pre-industrial period from 1850-1900) for the last 500 million years, data based on the average of hundreds of studies: Adapted from Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope by Ross J. Salawitch et al. published by Springer Climate. Temperatures are relative to the pre-industrial average through the years 1850-1900. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612099838946-EY41MPA45UKD1TCTJ7F2/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over 500 million Years Unsplash by Jimmy Conover https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612100675915-9YN10JCQXZ1QEJEIBT03/J.G+Ballard+The+Drowned+World.PNG Book Blog - Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over 500 million Years From JG Ballard’s ‘The Drowned World’, 1962. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/understanding-the-greenhouse-effect monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612017045757-023EEAWB2R4IAC9T8O14/Eunice+Newton+Foote.PNG Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect An image which is believed to be Eunice Newton Foote https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613987507380-CVLMYGO0ZGFRW5G2UC14/sunflowers+growing+in+the+sunshine Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Sunflowers enjoying the sunshine (Unsplash by Timothy Eberly) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618071772027-8KDS4B05BTBOXQNQXBFF/Energy+flows+in+and+out+of+earth Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Earth’s Energy Budget showing Watt per Square Metre flow of energy between space and Earth. Adapted from NASA, Loeb et al., J. Clim. 2009. Trenberth et al., BAMS, 2009. Total incoming power is 340 W per m2 of which 100 W per m2 is immediately reflected back out, 40W per m2 is absorbed by the earth then re-emitted as long wavelength infrared radiation directly back to space again and 200W per m2 is absorbed and reradiated many times over by water vapour and greenhouse gasses until it reaches a point high enough in the atmosphere where gas molecules are so sparse it can escape to space. Total outgoing energy matches incoming energy at 340 W per m2 when the temperature is stable. Increasing green-house gas concentrations in the atmosphere reduces the amount of radiation leaving the planet which leads to a warming of the surface and lower atmosphere in order to bring the energy flows back into balance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612021147782-7C7QUAGRYYAFU07RPVFC/stefan-boltzman.jpg Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613987599184-BOUCDT6C10YMDRJFM493/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect A Chilly Mountain Top (Unsplash by Kevin Quezada) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613987678526-B1YNT6NJ3BFR7MXVCJFY/image-asset.jpeg Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Wheat growing in a temperate and stable climate (Unsplash by Tim Matras) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618071676590-PWG0C2JM98N2PN7NQLS0/the+physics+of+the+greenhouse+effect+and+the+height+of+the+emission+level+to+space Book Blog - Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Diagram of the Greenhouse effect led by the relationship between CO2 concentrations and the height of the tropopause. (1) Pre-industrial CO2 concentrations of 280 ppm doubles to 560ppm. This increases absorption in the atmospheric window and increases the altitude of the emission level (where energy escapes to space). The higher, colder emission level emits less energy to space. (2) The new emission level is now out of balance emitting just 236 W/m2 to space versus incoming energy from the sun of 240W/m2 so net of 4W/m2 enters Earth, (3) The extra incoming energy warms the surface and atmosphere until the temperature of the emission level returns to 255K or -18⁰C and energy balance is restored. The surface temperature must warm by about 3⁰C to rebalance the energy flow and reach a new, warmer steady state if CO2 is doubled. Adapted from Andrew Dessler. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/the-experience-curve-and-the-rate-of-learning monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618311932364-7OBXC71C83K4BRV1SWWC/the+experience+curve+from+net-zero.log+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero The Experience Curve https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615557290043-XHW2WD1KAVKH9S738SGA/cost+of+solar+power+-+cost+of+solar+per+megawatt+-+cost+of+solar+installations+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero Data from IRENA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312042014-X435C7XBG9PHV4QQA2QH/cost+of+wind+energy+-+cost+of+wind+installations+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero Data from IRENA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312097241-VIE8ABPRJRZ1AD6050QK/battery+experience+curve+-+cost+of+battery+capacity+-+cost+of+battery+installation+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero Data from IRENA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613987833252-0E5QTQX2KYS1OI196PVA/a+broken+computer Book Blog - The Rate of Learning and the Cost of Net-Zero A broken computer - Junk in Junk out (Unsplash by Tistio) https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/electric-cars-the-cheapest-way-to-drive monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1611419368477-RPL4NMK77LI3SZYIKE8P/einstein+and+the+physics+of+driving+-+electric+car+cost+comparison Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive Einstein getting serious (Unsplash by Andrew George) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1611770880742-S5ZR5DCEW1C96XJI2GFZ/kinetic+energy+formula.PNG Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312212120-MRA22WTDG8CD00ENFJAL/The+Physics+of+Driving+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive The physics of acceleration and air resistance from net zero. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312258584-7JN4CBNXZ6Q9F5W27QAN/energy+density+-+specific+energy+-+energy+density+of+lithium+ion+battery+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive The energy density (kWh storage capacity per cubic metre) and specific energy (Wh storage capacity per kg) for different energy storage mediums calculated in net zero using Battery University, Deloitte, ARUP, IRENA and other data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1611419456139-JEB1VYHRXZG1F19NVHWT/tesla+electric+car Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive An electric car charging (Unsplash by Vlad Tchompalov) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1611419216210-FKMQ93E2JDYH97810C4H/efficiency+of+hydrogen+-+how+does+a+hydrogen+car+work+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive The conversion of renewable electricity to hydrogen and back to electricity for use on grid or in a fuel cell car from the draft book net zero using date from Oxford Institute. and Benjaminsson. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312337299-1EHZ4N63Z2PBEF75GJSL/energy+efficiency+of+transport+-+efficiency+comparison+of+transport+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Electric Cars: The Cheapest Way to Drive kWh of energy used per passenger-mile of travel (to move one passenger one mile) based on calculations from the book, net zero, and adapted from David MacKay’s sustainable energy without the hot air. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/energy-supply-and-safety monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610801702962-5TLWX1IWHLK6TBT92M0W/BP+deepwater+horizon+spill Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety Deepwater Horizon, 2010 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610800662826-IWMVWDXUYFN5NKVP8TC2/deaths+by+risk+factor+and+climate+change+-+air+pollution+effects+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety Annual deaths per year by risk factor (the problem that leads to death) in million people (total global deaths per year is 60 million). Sources of data points are from WHO and Our World in Data, plus specific reports on cancer, heart disease and air pollution. 2100 air pollution estimate from ‘net zero’ baseline of inaction scenario. Recent research suggests that the number of deaths from outdoor fine particle air pollution from fossil fuels could add another ~5 million deaths from air pollution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312425591-ILVRAP3SZWZWP8O1QARU/Deaths+per+unit+of+energy+-+deaths+by+energy+source+-+safest+energy+source+-+most+dangerous+energy+source+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety Number of associated human deaths per billion kWh (TWh) of energy supply for each different source. Chart based on data from The Lancet and calculations from the book, net zero. Recent research suggests that the number of deaths from outdoor fine particle air pollution from fossil fuels could be double these estimates again. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610801924427-BF05IQ83RBD4DF0XE5LF/StuxNet_1.png Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety Stuxnet and how it breached the system https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312494667-9DZ04H9VQXRWW5WVNKA0/Energy+per+kg+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Energy Supply and Safety kWh of energy per kg of fuel. Thermal or heat energy released from combustion of wood or fossil fuels and fission of 4% enriched uranium. Electrical energy adjusts for losses in turning heat into electricity. Uranium both off the chart. Data from Tim Simmons, A. Harmelen, and calculations from the book net zero. https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/limits-to-growth monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Limits to Growth? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610707544632-1SHW7L13HAYGUSOGL7EF/earth+population+limit+human+population+limit Book Blog - Limits to Growth? A Burning Field of Crops (Unsplash by David Maunsell) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610707761131-VNRF2JRJ63I7GFFPC0VB/hubbert+peak+oil+theory+-+oil+shortages Book Blog - Limits to Growth? The US limited highway driving to 55 mph to curb fuel consumption during the oil crisis (Unsplash by Ludovic Charlet) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610707997574-DALYT4MLDLWFEOXVI1MQ/Dr._Strangelove+-+infinite+growth+-+boomster+-+doomster Book Blog - Limits to Growth? Dr Strangelove from Stanley Kubrick’s 1964 black comedy film ‘How I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618312650362-2FSGWKVAQ8EAG4AS31FK/the%2Bplanets%2Bfuture%2B-%2Bnet%2Bzero%2B-%2Bclimate%2Bchange%2B-%2Badaptation%2B-%2Bprogressfrom%2Bnet%2Bzero%2Bblog%2Bby%2BMathew%2BHampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Limits to Growth? https://net-zero.blog/book-blog/climate-damages-and-discount-rates monthly 0.5 2023-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631523537915-MCSGXZUI2Y2DDVOUMD08/Book%2Bcover.jpg Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609931560310-IOMG8G4SZMF20CMGGR6U/Jeremy_Bentham%27s_Severed_Head.JPG Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates Jeremy Bentham’s Head after a short stint as a football for the team at Kings College London. Taken by Ethan Doyle White. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609927379641-50VC66FWONXNG6C863LM/Discounting+Formula+Ramsey+Social+Discount+Rate+Equation+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates The Ramsey Social Discount rate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609931503929-URKYQDEUL9BKCGCUMS1B/Utility+Curve+-+discounting+principle+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612535492429-JQRAARFYKRD9OZMPDC26/Discount+Rate+Comparison+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates Ramsey Social Discount Rate for the book ‘net zero’, Stern and Nordhaus. Stern given in Stern review. Nordhaus doesn’t explicitly use the Ramsey method but approximated the elements in his review of the Stern report. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609928511190-66GOVVVLN0E2Q3B24OGJ/Impact+of+climate+change+-+discounted+damages+nordhaus+and+stern+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Book Blog - Climate Damages and Discount Rates Chart showing how our projected climate change damages increase with rising temperature over time. Black line shows forecast damages per capita as a percent of forecast GDP per capita. Orange line shows future USD damages discounted into today’s money as a percentage of today’s GDP per capita – equivalent utility. We use a GDP per capita growth rate of 2.4% and a discount rate of 3%. The chart also shows our discounted damages using the Stern discount rate (1.4%) and Nordhaus discount rate (4.5%). 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0.5 2022-12-07 https://net-zero.blog/amazon-reviews/blog-post-title-one-l82me monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://net-zero.blog/amazon-reviews/blog-post-title-two-sfbgx monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://net-zero.blog/amazon-reviews/blog-post-title-three-l5px7 monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://net-zero.blog/amazon-reviews/blog-post-title-four-d9tfc monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life daily 0.75 2023-04-28 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/electric-cars monthly 0.5 2023-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1673869885537-A5548TIMUQVJGOSUPSDB/unsplash-image-xfaYAsMV1p8.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Electric Car Charging by Chutter Snap from Unsplash https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1673870078664-KCWCQVL5OPC6WQU99WJR/unsplash-image-dGTCy98gq58.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Cars and Wind Turbines by Sven Brandsma (Unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/e4870bec-06eb-4ca5-8db7-ad2e9e3de2c7/EV+efficiency+table.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Efficiency and range of an average electric vehicle (BEV) under different driving conditions https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/569b2cb0-4ce5-431e-b8e8-4b0a73422cf3/ev+charge+times.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Typical Charge Rates for Different Electric Car Charging Stations https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/e56d5327-bb86-437f-8e96-acf7732a1e6d/ev+charger+type.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Types of Electric Car Chargers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/17d83d98-7215-44e8-90b3-ed9bad9167c5/ev+cost+per+mile.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Running Cost of An Electric Car Based on Different Electricity Prices https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/a715ff39-ec53-437d-aba2-06c700b73a6c/gas+car+cost+per+mile.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Running Cost of A Gasoline Car Based on Different Gas Prices https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/14fac54a-4a38-4149-819c-693e9729f9d8/Annual+Fuel+Cost.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Cost to fuel an electric car and petrol (gasoline) car over 10,000 miles based on average annual UK petrol and electricity prices and average real driving vehicle fuel efficiencies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1673870272074-DEQJLARCDN3WG8KIJTCD/unsplash-image-5d20kdvFCfA.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Car driving by Avery Woodard (unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1673870370245-68O8JE9UKNLMCXH9SJI2/unsplash-image-UBL02wJor_Q.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Snowy Road by Sarah Grant (unsplash) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1673870504049-QX3YDOGKZY7FSBWU2OY3/unsplash-image-Uqj6b-0csis.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Everything You Wanted to Know About Electric Cars - Make it stand out Cars Parked from Above by Lance Asper (Unsplash) https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/home-battery monthly 0.5 2023-01-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/81f38919-1ab8-4ac9-92cc-ade8cf674291/battery+piccy.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out Destination of Solar Generation from the Author’s 80m2 (16 kW) Solar PV/Battery system. Shows 70% self-consumption, 26% usage via home battery (13.5 kWh capacity), and 4% exported to the grid. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/13e451f4-4467-464c-af67-59f3dd928c43/battery+size.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out The ‘0.0035’ factor used in this equation is based on the average daily electricity storage required adjusted for seasonal differences of generation (higher solar output in summer versus winter). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/82b1b975-8375-41f2-94b0-c03c56d5a988/Annual+electricity+savings.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out This equation assumes that most of the previously exported electricity will be captured by the battery and used. The price of grid electricity should reflect the price now and into the future. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/538b4580-81cf-44ab-ab3e-5f45788350b2/battery+install+cost.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out This equation assumes £400 cost per kWh battery capacity and £1,500 for install/peripheries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/017481bf-e383-4de4-af4b-72f50b8cf6a7/battery+payback.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out This is a basic measure of the financial benefit of adding a battery. Typically 8 years or better will represent a good investment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/87e8d79a-bcb0-45df-be00-f7731f2d1013/worked+example+battery.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out Worked Example for Home Battery Install costs, savings, and investment payback time https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1670333319145-4DAQBNATDSDU14MFO94A/unsplash-image-GIkbiP5Ud-o.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Battery - Make it stand out Home Battery https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/home-solar-pv monthly 0.5 2023-01-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/fbad78ef-2647-4987-9d5b-3c4fbc4b201e/solar+energy+and+panels.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out Annual output of Solar PV Panels on the author’s west/east facing roof with partial shading located in the UK. Annual solar electricity generation of 9.87 MWh (9,870 kWh) from a roof space of 80 square metres (50 panels), investment payback 10 years (excluding incentives), average cost of electricity over the life of the install 13.5p per kWh (including a home battery). Output is highest in summer and lowest in winter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/02d0cc67-792f-40ff-adc9-62aab1afa0ad/solar+generation.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out Note the conversion factor of ‘55’ in the equation assumes solar panels rated at 200W/m2 x 365 days per year x 85% (15% system losses) x 90% (10% loses from orientation of panels or small shading) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/78be467f-501e-4083-9f24-89959bbb88df/World_GHI_mid-size-map_160x95mm-300dpi_v20191015.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out Global Horizontal Irradiation from World Bank Solar Atlas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/67a85c46-e6c4-4649-8fa2-83d4890bc6c2/solar+install+cost.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out This formula shows there is a fixed cost element of solar installs at about £3,500 minimum to cover site assessment, scaffolding, paperwork, cabling connections and labour. Beyond this fixed cost minimum the price of the job will scale with the system size to cover the cost of the panels, invertors, and additional labour. This is a rough estimate only, convert to your local currency using the current exchange rate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/4872da85-cc15-439a-9766-0793b7ba605a/Solar+annual+savings.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out This formula assumes that 60% of the solar electricity generated is consumed by the household and the rest is exported to the grid with no financial benefit. Net metering or feed-in tariffs may improve the economics here. Alternatively, managing electricity use to coincide with generation, or installing a house battery, would also increase the 60% self-consumption percentage. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/2a9aa8f9-67df-4426-b892-4062f48d3ab1/solar+payback+.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out This is a basic measure of the financial benefit of solar panels. Typically 15 years or better will represent a good investment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/cc15eb60-e148-42fd-ada6-8804d1a2bef2/sola+worked+example.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1670248895483-JB33NFNCIQJ9Y0NL5TVA/unsplash-image-wmaP3Tl80ww.jpg Net Zero Life Hacks - Home Solar PV - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/Distributed+Energy monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/Energy+Storage monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/Energy+Generation monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/home+battery monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/Transport monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/category/Electric+Cars monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Buying+an+Electric+Car monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/EVs monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/lithium+ion+battery monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Solar+Panels monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Home+Solar monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/home+battery monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/solar+plus+storage monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/EV+Performance monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Solar+PV monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Solar+Cost monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Electric+Cars monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Solar+Benefits monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Residential+Solar monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/EV+Charging monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/Sustainability+of+Electric+Cars monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/net-zero-life/tag/battery+investment monthly 0.5 https://net-zero.blog/nz90-quotes daily 0.75 2022-11-30 https://net-zero.blog/nz90-quotes/blog-post-title-two-pz5p8 monthly 0.5 2022-11-30 https://net-zero.blog/nz90-quotes/Blog Post Title One-54ptc monthly 0.5 2022-11-30 https://net-zero.blog/nz90-quotes/blog-post-title-three-6767x monthly 0.5 2022-11-30 https://net-zero.blog/learn-more daily 0.75 2023-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/ce541a9e-67e9-4766-8975-89746ddc6bad/CLIMATE+CHANGE+KITCHEN-logos_white+cropped.png https://net-zero.blog/learn-more/creating-the-climate-kitchen monthly 0.5 2023-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1701691176891-0BK56Y49F0MMSI2GAM7I/p-6.jpg Learn More - Creating the Climate Kitchen - Make it stand out Mathew Hampshire-Waugh https://net-zero.blog/learn-more/good-for-you monthly 0.5 2023-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/743d7781-e38e-4f45-8e0c-239d8c1ac484/Table.png Learn More - Good For You - Make it stand out Nutritional Labelling at the Climate Change Kitchen https://net-zero.blog/learn-more/blog-post-title-two-grbjs monthly 0.5 2023-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1701691836875-8ILXWO0SJJSP7E8JKYTP/Pie+Charts.png Learn More - Good for the Planet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/ac0fde97-34f7-480e-aa05-98915f78bece/Bar+chart+Meat.jpg Learn More - Good for the Planet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/c6210e1b-585e-4b14-8f50-21590c2fbef6/Bar+Chart+Milk+Cheese.jpg Learn More - Good for the Planet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/72520b66-c6fe-4af5-b4b3-05c551cfd327/Bar+chart+Seafood.jpg Learn More - Good for the Planet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/d4dfeee0-8103-4840-b615-8dcad55e7cc6/Bar+Chart+Plants.jpg Learn More - Good for the Planet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://net-zero.blog/learn-more/climate-kitchen-hacks monthly 0.5 2023-12-04 https://net-zero.blog/home daily 1.0 2023-11-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/e6b5cf98-07c5-4318-a135-770be0635131/My+Book+ipad+and+book.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1620823796244-ZLQM0TGWMU83V3PQ7L5E/miniplanet_full_res-removebg-preview+%281%29.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/8545d85a-fca4-45da-9fbc-a0d1d5a731fc/mock+up.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1670412267049-9205B64EU5W6MFJMRVKD/unsplash-image-5fNmWej4tAA.jpg https://net-zero.blog/author daily 0.75 2026-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1631524881184-JGC5HFKNT4LTPPRQCDI0/book%2Bkindle%2Bphone.jpg Biography - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612260866079-VCQ4Z54BLFRBGUSMG9LT/image.jpg Biography Drive Chain to Supply Chain 2 (2018) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612260835383-9JBJOQ4KYF9D9EM7IT5C/image.jpg Biography The charge towards battery materials (2018) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612204844898-3MR6UHO6X6TQQ4IMKUYT/image-asset.jpeg Biography Drive Chain to Supply Chain 1 (2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612204894387-5CRQ5VCCQD4JCBGQO257/image-asset.jpeg Biography 2G, or not 2G, but is BioAg the question? (2014) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612208563761-CAF3RV3EOAHSJ5RS3KC0/image-asset.jpeg Biography Patent for photocatalytic and solar PV coatings (2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612208638820-S8K3R9J65HUCDV9KDUJM/tin+oxide.PNG Biography Textured fluorine doped tin oxide films formed by CVD (2011) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612208696143-8TMBAPKGCUIHCJSUVN1H/image-asset.jpeg Biography Doctoral Thesis - Transparent Conducting Thin Films (2011) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612208742471-PYWL4DCE706FTM1KQHNG/carbon+nantube+multi.PNG Biography The rapid functionalisation of single walled carbon nanotubes and spray coating of transparent conducting thin films (2010) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1612210517004-VMC0WB0OP7GZTXQIOIAC/zinc+oxide+3.PNG Biography Aerosol Assisted Deposition of Zinc Oxide (2008) https://net-zero.blog/synopsis daily 0.75 2022-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609752847391-VKUL04XHFLQPL4HHOFIT/Thomas_Robert_Malthus2.jpg Synopsis Thomas Robert Malthus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1609922144103-50N18Q8AUHIKTGK6JEYT/the+industrial+revolution+and+its+consequences+GDP+Population+and+CO2+2000+years+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Blue line shows global population (in million), red line shows global CO2 emissions (other greenhouse gases not included, in million tonnes per year) and grey line shows global average GDP per person in the equivalent of today’s money ($2011 purchase price parity). Energy data from E. Cook and OurWorldinData. GDP from Bank of England and the Maddison database. For CO2 emissions since 1750 see CDIAC. To explore GDP, energy, and measures of human prosperity see OurWorldinData by Max Roser and Hannah Richie and for more on inequality go to Gapminder. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615550555169-517FKVXZTVN0L6GEFTFD/where+do+green+house+gases+come+from.+greenhouse+gas+emissions+breakup+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Total CO2 equivalent emissions per year including energy supply and non-energy emissions of all greenhouse gasses. Non-CO2 emissions given in equivalent warming potential of CO2 over 100 years. From the book ‘net zero’ aggregated from IPCC AR5, BP Statistical Review, IEA final consumption, and Robbie et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250620384-GZ9DU0QPD9JNUIFAPN2T/CO2+ppm+and+temperature+%28relative+to+pre-industrial+period+from+1850-1900%29+for+the+last+500+million+years Synopsis CO2 ppm and temperature (relative to pre-industrial period from 1850-1900) for the last 500 million years, data based on the average of hundreds of studies: Adapted from Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope by Ross J. Salawitch et al. published by Springer Climate. For analysis of the rate of change in CO2 see Zeebe et al. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615550595418-FDK6S2MMNXEIWZ2KTDBY/Forecast+global+temperature+rise+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Transient Temperature increase forecasts from ‘net zero’ based on peak population and peak consumption by 2060 (100 billion tonnes CO2e per year) baseline of inaction scenario. Approximations use simplified radiative forcing relationship of 5.35 x ln (CO2 change) from Mhyre et al. Black line shows basic transient temperature increase calculation. Orange includes estimates of extra CO2 in the atmosphere based on the increasing risk of melting tundra, peat and forest fires and a weakening land-ocean sink as the planet warms. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615562922609-LQUQ478B5CD48U0W6YYH/Forecast%2Bof%2Bpeople%2Bsuffering%2Bfrom%2Bclimate%2Bchange%2Binduced%2Bhunger%252C%2Bwater%2Bstress%252C%2Bair%2Bpollution%252C%2Bnatural%2Bcatastrophes Synopsis Cumulative total of people impacted by climate change in millions based on peak consumption, baseline of inaction scenario (peak 100 billion tonnes annual CO2e emissions by 2060, 3.3⁰C warming by 2100, 4.4⁰C by 2150). Same people may experience multiple impacts. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’ using data and studies including natural catastrophes, drought, wildfire, low lying population, heat migration, air pollution, ag yields, water stress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615562966959-8KTX0VJNY6TMUUMV26U5/Climate%2525252Bchange%2525252Bimpact%2525252Bon%2525252BGDP%2525252Bfrom%2525252Bnet%2525252Bzero%2525252Bblog%2525252Bby%2525252BMathew%2525252BHampshire-Waugh Synopsis Annual lost income (excluding inflation) due to climate change and air pollution in our baseline inaction scenario of peak population (10 billion) and peak consumption by 2060 (3.3⁰C by 2100 and 4.4⁰C by 2150). Calculated as a baseline of inaction in the book ‘net zero’ using data and studies including the impact of productivity from heatwaves, malnutrition, respiratory disease, and losses from extreme weather damage. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615558173619-A28MUS58B9UB2APPW3XI/Cost%2Bby%2Bproblem%2Band%2Bclimate%2Bchange%2Bfrom%2Bnet%2Bzero%2Bblog%2Bby%2BMathew%2BHampshire-Waugh Synopsis Annual spending or annual losses to Global Income in trillions of USD. Climate change impact is the annual loss of GDP by 2100 discounted into the equivalent damages today at 3% discount rate, based on the damage estimates (see above) from ‘net zero’ baseline of inaction scenario. Other data points from: health, fraud, tax abuse, military, justice, and crime. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615550824343-H5OVPFVGQ08IQQD12MN4/Deaths+by+risk+factor+and+climate+change+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Annual deaths per year and right inset is deaths by risk factor (the problem that leads to death) in million people (total global deaths per year is 60 million). Sources of data points are from WHO and Our World in Data, plus specific reports on cancer, heart disease and air pollution. 2100 air pollution estimate from ‘net zero’ baseline of inaction scenario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615550906951-IODG2LEJ24I6AF6I5Q6X/Undiscounted+and+discounted+climate+change+damages+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Black line shows forecast damages per capita as a percent of forecast GDP per capita. Orange line shows future USD damages discounted into today’s money as a percentage of today’s GDP per capita – equivalent utility. We use a GDP per capita growth rate of 2.4% and a discount rate of 3%. The chart also shows dashed lines with our discounted damages using the Stern discount rate 1.4% (places greater value on future generations) and Nordhaus discount rate 4.5% (places less value on future generations). Based on baseline of inaction estimates from the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250725556-WUP917XUN98G0E6EQK3P/The+credit+crunch+versus+the+climate+crunch+-+comparing+value+at+risk Synopsis CDO = collateralised debt obligation. Post Lehman losses reflect market declines immediately after Lehman Brothers collapsed. Lost Wealth is the reduction in Global household income between 2007 and 2008. Fossil fuel stranded assets are 70% of the future $10 trillion profits on fossil fuel reserves (in today’s money). Fossil fuel reliant assets are the present value of power plants, vehicles, industrial equipment and home/commercial appliances which rely on fossil fuels. Damages from warming represents the present value of future climate damages to 2100 under a baseline inaction scenario using a 3% discount rate. Based on estimates from the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1616422354853-VJS64OTLJT0XW717M33C/Kaya+identity+and+temperature+rise+by+changing+population%2C+consumption%2C+efficiency%2C+and+emissions+intensity Synopsis Applying the Kaya Identity: Black) Exponential consumption is the benchmark with peak population of 10 billion, 2% compound consumption growth. Red) Fertility rates are set to 1 and population halves by next century, agricultural land is freed up and reforested, consumption growth continues per person at 2%. Blue) Energy and agricultural efficiency are improved at a rate of 1.5% per year, consumption growth still compounds at 2%. Orange) GDP per person is set at $14,000, 10 billion people, no improvement to efficiency or emissions intensity. Green) emissions intensity drops to net zero in 30 years, agricultural land use still grows until peak population, peak food consumption. Based on simplified climate change model used in the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615551037474-LAXPDWBLCIVOSLAUPSCT/Today%27s+energy+mix+and+net-zero+energy+mix+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Left: Mix of final energy today, data based on IEA final consumption Right: possible mix of future final energy from ‘net zero’ . https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618251156901-TWMIZ31UNAMUNHUTRQ9B/Percentage+of+the+World%E2%80%99s+dryland+used+for+agriculture+today+and+in+a+peak+food+future+%2810+billion+people%29+under+six+future+scenarios. Synopsis Percentage of the World’s dryland used for agriculture today and in a peak food future (10 billion people) under six future scenarios. Mixed assumes partial adoption of all options. Based on calculations used in the book ‘net zero’ using analysis from Berners-Lee and global data including meat consumption, biofuels, and food production. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1618250896873-RBUOSST58CZY9JQA2DFD/Global+%28final%29+energy+supply+matched+to+energy+use+today+and+in+a+peak+consumption+future+with+no+system+change+or+with+a+net+zero+system. Synopsis Global (final) energy supply matched to energy use today and in a peak consumption future with no system change or with a net zero system. Today’s data from the IEA, future estimates calculated in the book ‘net zero’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615556460028-NNM3UUDLW9XFL82NU1ZN/Levelissed+cost+energy+in+the+future+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis The estimated cost of energy in a full scale net zero system. All cost estimates are based on fully scaled economics using extrapolated experience curves, expert estimates, and floor prices for each technology. Wind & Solar have 0.4 kWh of storage for every 1 kWh of generation using mostly lithium ion and pumped hydro ($2.3c/kWh average cost). Each technology has lifecycle carbon emissions offset based on 70% CCS, 20% reforestation and 10% enhanced rock weathering (average $24/tonne cost). Electricity T&D is $4c/kWh everything else is $2c/kWh. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’. To explore the rate at which renewable energy costs are declining on the experience curve see the IRENA database https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615556524804-EKHNGHF1G7FL9XD20OJE/Net-Zero+transition+impact+on+GDP+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Annual benefit (cost) of a net zero transition compared to remaining with our fossil fuel system. GDP calculated based on Cobbs-Douglas function including market-based climate damages, higher net zero investment spending, write downs and relative ongoing system costs. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’ using integrated assessment modelling. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615556568677-N2AYYI13GEYGTKYTG11K/Optimum+speed+of+reaching+net-zero+from+net+zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Cumulative benefit (NPV to 2100) of a net zero transition compared to sticking with fossil fuels depending on the number of years taken to transition. This is a balance of write-offs, labour availability and technology costs versus the speed getting to a cheaper energy system and avoiding market based climate damages. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’ using integrated assessment modelling. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615556600622-WRHC5PNGBV48FHHDZRF0/Energy+investment+today+and+required+investment+for+a+20+year+net-zero+transition+from+net-zero.blog Synopsis Global spending on the energy supply network for a 20 year net zero transition (annual average) and the spending on the energy supply network today(2019). (T&D stands for Transmission and Distribution). Extra spending on demand side is extra (not total) cost of buying net zero appliances and solutions like the battery in electric cars, heat pump versus boiler or insulation refit etc. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’ using integrated assessment modelling. For fossil fuel subsidies see the IEA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615556672862-RDVVIWLWKWYIMRQCATC6/Net-Zero+benefits+and+discount+rate+sensitivity+from+net-zero+blog+by+Mathew+Hampshire-Waugh Synopsis Annual benefit (cost) of a net zero system compared to a fossil fuel equivalent system this century. Shows the difference in the net present value of GDP due to the different energy systems and damages across each discounting rate / post tax cost of capital. Calculated in the book ‘net zero’ using integrated assessment modelling. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1610103042128-1O8H58CQ839M87MYPPTY/image-asset.jpeg Synopsis Unsplash By Mika Baumeister https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1613041140819-ZDIWT5RQWF9G6MLTOUPQ/climate+change+politics Synopsis Unsplash by Marco Oriolesi https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fe9fd582e417d25f7472808/1615557290043-XHW2WD1KAVKH9S738SGA/Solar%2BPV%2BExperience%2BCurve%2Bfrom%2Bnet-zero%2Bblog%2Bby%2BMathew%2BHampshire-Waugh Synopsis The cost to install one MW of solar versus the installed cumulative capacity since the year 1995. 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